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Current situation of agriculture

DE

India and other countries

Dr.Ashok K. Panigrahi and Misra Mrs.Kusum

agriculture is more than just farming without chemical fertilizers or synthetic pesticides and is rather a holistic approach to the system of agriculture, restores, maintains and improves the economic sustainability and ecological balance of production of non-toxic, healthy and tasty food or medicine or dye with natural fragrance and color.

In today’s world the most, since organic producers believe in biodiversity, avoid genetically modified, whether plants or seeds or plants or animals. Do not use chemicals or soil fertility or pest control, no chemicals, either for growth or protection, except drugs that even if the situation is very bad and out of control.

OVERVIEW

Organic farming is now practiced in over 100 countries. The harmful effects of agrochemicals to the last decades, the minds of consumers in different countries, who are now ready organic foods or substances bye now changed with a high premium.

makers are now promoting organic agriculture for various reasons such as soil health, support the rural economy and a better environment. The global organic area is estimated at 26 million hectares with 61 standards and 364

CA.

world organic market is estimated at U.S. $ 26,000,000,000th

certified organic surfaces in India is estimated at 2.5 million hectares but the area is much higher uncertified.

historical perspective

Organic farming is practiced in India since the beginning of agriculture in this country and was introduced more than those to the green revolution in this country in the mid-sixties.

A brief mention of organic farming in ancient literature, as the Rigveda, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and Kautilya Arthshastra etc.

Sir Albert Howard was the first farmer in the industry that India was launched by the British to Indian farmers to teach in the use of agrochemicals, but he ended up in the teaching of agriculture among Indian farmers, developed the Indore process and went continuing to build the bridge between the symbiotic fungus of humus in the soil and plant sap through mycorrhizal associations. He writes in his, a farm will: “Since the industrial revolution in agriculture has become unbalanced, the country is in turmoil, get all kinds of illnesses, the nature spent removing the soil by erosion.”

AGRICULTURE

In ancient India

1 Oldest practice before 10,000 years ago from the Neolithic civilization
as Mesopotamia, Hwang Ho basin, etc.

2 All things Ramayana dead returned to earth in the soil and nourish the Life 3 Mahabharata 5500 BC, Kamadhenu – the sacred cow, the role was not

only in human life, but also the soil fertility

4 Kautilya Arthshastra 300 BC, fertilizer use some facts from the excrement of

Animals &

cake

5 Brihad Sanhita methods of choice for fertilizer for plants and fertilizer

6 Rigveda 2.500 to 1.500 BC, green manures, use of fertilizers, goat, sheep, cow, etc.

widespread use of chemicals in agriculture in India

Nobel laureate Norman Borlaug

American, the creator of the famous dwarf wheat varieties in Mexico, visited India in 1957. In a press conference, he said, “If I were a member of the Indian Parliament, I jumped from my seat every fifteen minutes and yell at the top of my voice, fertilizers, farmers more manure.” The fact is that between the fifties and sixties, in independent India, there was a gap between demand and production of food. To answer that, the Indian planners under the influence of American institutions such as the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations and the American Specialty Food Norman Borlaug, the idea of the paradigm shift in agriculture, natural chemical, Brides of local high and high yields of the seeds growing in the designed to absorb popularity as a global brand “miracle seeds”, with the ability to agrochemicals at this point of time. This is a global phenomenon and to the global rise in food contributed site immediately. On the day of world production of foodgrains is estimated at 2100 million tonnes and is based primarily on the use of agrochemicals, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. However, the impact of agricultural chemicals, fertilizers and synthetic pesticides can be observed. There were no data published by an agency of the Indian and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA in 1991 showed that the estimate of methane emissions from rice paddies Indian equivalent to 37.8 tons per year and accused the Indian rice growers by the global buildup of greenhouse gases such as methane as well as greenhouse gas. Therefore, in India set more weight, go to conventional agriculture and the rice is not always limited to 47% of the total arable area (National Agricultural Policy, 2000). The use of artificial chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizer always invite pests which lead to agricultural pesticide applications, in particular synthetic pesticides and two of these significantly impact on the environment.

worldwide use of fertilizer (kg / ha)

Korea – Japan 357 kg – 247 kg

Netherlands – Bangladesh 172 kg – 158 kg

Germany – India 153 kg – 89 kg

weird logic of the recommendation of the use of chemical fertilizers:

plant needs 17 essential nutrients in two groups:

1 Macro-nutrients required by plants in large quantities and

2 Micro-nutrients by plants in small amounts

necessary

Whatever the source, the plants absorb nutrients in inorganic form, only the Macro 3 or large primary nutrients absorbed as in -.

nitrogen (N) as ammonia, nitrates and nitrites

phosphorus (P), calculated as P2O5 (phosphorus)
potash (K) K2O (potash)

three secondary macronutrients include substances such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) which is naturally in the soil and fertilizer to find.

Micronutrients or plant nutrients are expected to actually

minor trace elements like iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo) and cobalt (Co) and secondary macronutrients to be in the soil and manure disposal. While there is nothing organic to take in the absorption of nutrients by the plants, but plant is certainly influenced by the original source of this nutrient, it is best if it is from the organic source, the availability is low and release delayed but not to take prolonged and nutrients interact. to avoid in the process chemicals to excessive nitrogen fertilizer applications of phosphorus and potassium make up by plants.

average nutrient uptake by plants through shades of economic performance

nutrients

cultures

Paddy (kg) of wheat (kg)

N

20

25

P2O5

11

9

K2O

30

33

S

3

4.7

Ca

7

5.3

Mg

3

4.7

B

0.015

0.048

Cu

0.018

0.024

Fe

0.153

0.624

Mn

0.675

0.700

MB

0.002

0.002

Zn

0004

0.056

state facts

intensive agriculture, as deemed necessary by the growing food demand of growing population, exhaust natural soil fertility and distort the natural balance of the soil.

It is proposed that said inorganic must be selective, to keep the soil plant nutrition necessary. But their worries are never evaluated or supported.

era of green revolution throughout the world, crops have been largely protected through the use of biocides, pesticides, fungicides etc.and their effects have never been evaluated.

use of synthetic pesticides (kg / ha) United States, Japan, Korea, China and India are 1.5, 10.8, 6.6, 2.25 and 0.38 kg, respectively.

use of synthetic pesticides in recent decades become one of the most important contributions of modern agriculture, but the devastating consequences of course.

Why should we accept FARMING?

Because food security is as important as food safety

we know how artificial chemicals FERTILIZER HARM U.S.!

You

—-

v

intervene and address the nutrition of microbes (bacteria, fungi and worms) from soil.

v

interfere and all minerals and trace elements balance in soil cultivated plants.

V

surplus of nitrogen fertilizer in the soil affect K uptake by crops and their lack of component K in their tissues.

Excess K v

applications reduce the amount of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and carotene (vitamin A before) in crops.

v Super

applications cause phosphate deficiency of Cu and Zn in crop plants.

v

their applications to the natural resistance to diseases and pests in plants reduce

v

nitrogen fertilizer applications, improving crop yields, it is in terms of carbohydrates. It produces a protein deficiency by w 20-25% w / w and balance of amino acids is impaired, which reduces the quality of the proteins.

v

nitrogen (NO3, NO2 and NH3 +) act as toxins in the soil, leaching into groundwater, NO3 and NO2 cause methemoglobinemia (methemoglobin occurs beyond the normal 0.8%), headaches, dizziness 20%, 60% cause loss of consciousness and almost 80%, death in adult humans. Based on the new blue and die charge (blue-baby syndrome).

v

nitrogen (NOx) O3 3.5% reduction of NO (NO + NO2 + O2 O3). One percent in the depletion of O3 causes 2% of UV radiation decreases of 10% O 3 to the increase in the stratosphere melanoma (skin cancer) cause 20 -30% in addition to the high incidence of cataracts, destruction of immunity, the vegetation and marine life.

V NO2 concentration 6.0mg/kg of 2 mg / kg of air damage leaves affects photosynthetic activity in many plants. At higher concentrations caused a burning sensation of the mucous membranes. NO3 Water 800mg/ltr.of killed cattle in epidemic form in Rajasthan in 1976.

how evil synthetic pesticides USA –

v bionondegradables they are introduced into the ecosystem in general, cause they play, either as

dangerous or toxic or both.
to eliminate v

parasites, they ultimately increase their resistance to pesticides than most parasites much life cycles of 10-30 in one year.

v The table below shows the development of the use of insecticides for cotton (in mln.pounds), investigation of the USDA use of chemicals (It should be noted that Bt cotton was introduced in 1996 in the U.S.)

1964

1966

1971

1976

1982

1992

1998

2000

organochlorine

54.6

45.4

33

18.6

1.2

1.2

0.3

0.5

organophosphate

15.6

14.3

28.6

31.4

12.9

13.4

11.3

36.1

carbamates

6.2

4.5

10.3

12.2

3.5

4

2.7

3.5

synthetic pyrethroids

0

0

0

0

0.8

0.9

0.4

0.3

other

1.6

0.7

1.5

2

1

0.3

0.1

0.1

total applied pounds

78

64.9

73.4

64.2

19.4

19.8

14.8

40.5

v seeps into groundwater

, serious pollution to pesticides are the most recent episodes of Coca Cola and Pepsi bottled water obvious examples. After eating, they have a one-way street in humans (animals) vital tissues.

v death

pesticides After Pearson (1985) in developing countries is estimated at 10,000 per year. 1.5 to almost 2,000,000 people suffer in these countries from an acute poisoning, that the use of pesticides and use, whether consciously or unconsciously.

pesticide residues reported to be in agricultural products (HAU)

products

2001

sample (No.) contamination level

2002

sample (No.) contamination level

vegetables

(17 plants)

712

61

12% above the MRL

529

63

8.5% above the MRL

Fruits

(12 plants)

378

53

If the MRL

329

47

approaches MRL

pesticide residues in feed, forage, products and water for irrigation in the years 2001-2002.

Products

Example

(%) p>

Major residue saved

food products

125

81

indosulphan

HCH, DDT, chlorpyrifos,

milk

537

52

94%, 9% indosulphan HCH and DDT residues

butter

184

67.4

– do –

irrigation water

surface waters

258

60

HCH, DDT

canal water

251

73

Indosulphan, chlorpyrifos

4 above MRL

Basin Water

10

11

– do –

maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides in food (the prevention of acts of food adulteration-1954)

Name of pesticides in food

MRL (mg / kg)

Aldrin

cereal, milk, vegetables

0.01, 0.15, 0.10

Captan

food and vegetables

15.0

carbendazim

food grains, vegetables and milk

0.5, 0.5, 0.1

carbofuran

food grains, fruits and vegetables, milk

0.10, 0.10, 0.05

chlorpyrifos

food grains, fruits, cauliflower

0.05, 0.50, 0.01

DDT

milk / dairy products, fruit and vegetables

1.25, 3.5

Indosulphan

fruit / vegetables

2.00

Heptachlor

food grains, vegetables

0.01, 0.055

plants really need minerals?

facts on evolution

1 Creation of the Earth – 5000000000 years

2 Life began – 2000000000 years old

3 Introduction of plants – 500000000 years

4 Appearance of man – 2000000 years

5 The prehistoric people began to grow – 10,000 years ago

6 Concept of the use of fertilizers – JB Boussingault (French chemist) and Justus von Liebig (German chemist) in 1840

.

7th First world fertilizer industry Amsted Roth Experimental Station, London, 1842.

(Single Super Phosphate SSP)

8th First fertilizer industry in India-SSP (Parry), Ranipet, Tamil Nadu, India in1906.

9th Fertilizer history – from 100 to 160 years only

10th Main source of fertilizer Global – American War II surplus materials,

nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer.

PROMOTION Organic Agriculture FACTS

promoters to organic fertilizer for the following reasons.

fertilization is 100-160 years.
not ready to claim that accept the fertilizer, global food production improvement.
Set plants at the edge of the road, mountains and deserts of the survivors of the humus biomass years after years, never be used without fertilizer.
fertilizer will benefit in the brain of the industrial lobby, and is not for farmers and consumers and the environment.
plants contain chemicals with heavy metals and other pollutants, that is not well developed for health.
agrochemicals cause disease and death due to excessive nitrates and pesticide residues.
The kitchen is known as being produced by the use of agrochemicals without essential minerals and vitamins, which in turn inhibit the enzyme systems so important for their own body functions required for food additives and drugs.
fertilizers such as urea and DAP contain heavy metals such as lead and cadmium.

concentration of heavy metals (PPM) on a dry weight basis.

Source

arsenic

cadmium

lead

nickel

urea

DAP

9.9 to 16.2

4.6 to 35.5

2.1 to 3.7

7.4 to 22.2

MOP

Achievement of nitrogen fertilizers on human health and the environment

effects

agents

human health

excess of NO2 and NO3 in the water and food

methemoglobinemia

and cancer

nitrosamines disease

NO2 secondary amines nitrate peroxiacyl

health of the environment

Eutrophication

of NO3 in food and water, eutrophication of waters by agricultural fertilizer run-off

materials and ecosystem damage

HNO3, acid rain and aerosols resulting in precipitation

compound growth rate of major crops in India is unsatisfactory

cultures

1980-1990

1991-2000

Rice

3.10

1.27

wheat

3.10

2.11

corn

2.09

1.69

Total cereal

2.90

1.56

Total pulse

1.61

0,96

Total food grains

2.74

1.52

oilseeds in total

2.53

1.25

cane

1.27

0.95

cotton

4.10

Total Non-food grain

2.31

1.04

major crops

2.56

1.31

fertilizer efficiency is not more than 50% and the rest is a great loss

efficiency of nutrient use in India

nutrients

efficiency (%)

nitrogen

30-50

P

15-20

potassium

70-80

zinc

2-5

Iron

1-2

copper

1-2

nutrient use of plants regardless of the sources, the mineralization of billions of microorganisms in the soil for this work.

Ammonifers Nitrosomonas

nitrogen (air) —————- —————– NH3 NO3

Nitrobector ammonification

P mineralization

phosphorus from rock to P2O5 —————————

agencies (such as Bacillus &

Pseudomonas

)

excessive and indiscriminate use of mineral fertilizers has damaged soil health damage leads to a deficiency of macro and micro nutrients.

Why organic foods are better cultivated than inorganic foods: –

Organic foods contain more vitamins, minerals, enzymes, trace elements and even anti-cancer antioxidants than conventionally grown food fight, showed a two-year study in Chicago, USA made. It was also observed that the average level of minerals is much higher than in organic food in conventionally grown foods were. In addition, organic food tastes much better and has always followed a more quality, even without refrigeration.

minerals

% higher (Chicago study)

Calcium

grown 63% larger than the monastery food.

Iron

73%,

Magnesium

118%

molybdenum

178%,,

P

91%,

potassium

125%

zinc

60%,

Studies show that

productivity of organic farming may be less in the first year (s), but to assimilate the same increases gradually and exceed the income in agriculture by inorganic 3rd/4th years building B: C ratios.

economic performance of organic farming vis-à-vis conventional agriculture.

year

Status

yield (q / ha)

gross revenues (R)

Premium (20%)

Total (R)

Net Income (R)

surplus / deficit with conventional

classic

10

20000

0

20000

9000

0

first year

years Conversion

5

10000

0

10000

750

– 6250

2 Year

– do –

5.75

11 250

0